Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: On the Use of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for pH and Biosensing Applications

doi: 10.3390/s26030857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Structure of a conventional Ag/AgCl reference electrode in a KCl saturated solution .

Article Snippet: A standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used (Micro-Dri-Ref, 450 μm diameter from World Precision Instruments).

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: On the Use of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for pH and Biosensing Applications

doi: 10.3390/s26030857

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Optical image of a wafer piece after electron beam lithography of the nanowires. The samples are arranged in 2 × 2 squares. Each sample consists of 48 nanowire FETs. Light areas are the nanowires and contact leads, while dark areas are the buried oxide. ( b ) Sample after bonding into a chip carrier. ( c ) SEM image of three nanowires (thin horizontal lines) with contact areas on the left (source) and a common bus line on the right (drain). ( d ) Cross-section of the fabricated device and a sketch of the measurement setup (not to scale). The liquid is delivered to the custom-made PDMS microchannels by a pump (indicated by arrows). A flow-through Ag/AgCl reference electrode is integrated in the Teflon (PTFE) tubing close to the microchannel. The working point of the nanowire transistor is adjusted by two voltages: a back-gate voltage Vbg (applied to the handle wafer) and a liquid-gate voltage Vref (applied to the reference electrode). Reprinted with permission from Reference . Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society.

Article Snippet: A standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used (Micro-Dri-Ref, 450 μm diameter from World Precision Instruments).

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: On the Use of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for pH and Biosensing Applications

doi: 10.3390/s26030857

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Sensor concept with fluidic channel above nanowire region and realization of inlet and outlet flow. ( b ) Real fluid cell setup with contacted source and drain and PDMS channel for sample delivery as labeled, and position of the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Microchips are of approximately 2 × 2 cm 2 . Reprinted from Ref. . Available under CC BY 4.0 license.

Article Snippet: A standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used (Micro-Dri-Ref, 450 μm diameter from World Precision Instruments).

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: On the Use of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for pH and Biosensing Applications

doi: 10.3390/s26030857

Figure Lengend Snippet: A cross-sectional schematic image of a dual-gate (DG) ISFET. The designed active channel length and width are 10 µm and 10 µm, respectively. The thicknesses of the top active Si layer and of the BOx are 4.3 nm and 224 nm, respectively. A top SiO 2 layer with a thickness of 23 nm is grown by thermal oxidation for the sensing membrane. A commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode is used for various pH buffer solutions. Reprinted from Ref. . Available under CC BY 4.0 license.

Article Snippet: A standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used (Micro-Dri-Ref, 450 μm diameter from World Precision Instruments).

Techniques: Membrane

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: On the Use of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for pH and Biosensing Applications

doi: 10.3390/s26030857

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) FESEM image of a Si NWFET with a microwell ( left ), and schematics for measuring the readout current for stabilization of the sample solution potential with a reference electrode ( right ). ( b ) Use of three reference electrodes for comparative study: ( i ) SCE-saturated calomel reference electrode, ( ii ) Ag/AgCl reference electrode in saturated KCl solution tube, and ( iii ) integrated reference electrode on chip with Ag/AgCl ink. The dimensions are a 5 nm thick top oxide and a 20 nm thick channel Si NW on a 145 nm thick BOx layer. The length channel is 2 µm. The chip size is about 5 × 7 mm. Reprinted from Ref. . Available under CC BY 4.0 license.

Article Snippet: A standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used (Micro-Dri-Ref, 450 μm diameter from World Precision Instruments).

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: On the Use of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for pH and Biosensing Applications

doi: 10.3390/s26030857

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( left ) Cross-sectional schematic of Si NWFETs with standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and SEM images ( right ) showing ultra-scaled opening access with diameter dimensions ranging from 250 nm down to 120 nm on top of the Si NW array. The latter is made up of 15 Si NWs, each with a 50 nm width. Reprinted from Ref. . Available under CC BY 4.0 license.

Article Snippet: A standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used (Micro-Dri-Ref, 450 μm diameter from World Precision Instruments).

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: On the Use of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for pH and Biosensing Applications

doi: 10.3390/s26030857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of a whole miniaturized micro-reference electrode (µF). A Ag/AgCl wire electrode is connected to a microfluidic KCl channel (3 cm × 500 µm × 80 µm) embedded in PDMS. Reproduced from Refs. [ , ] with permission from the Chemical and Biological Microsystems Society (CBMS). Copyright (2010) CBMS.

Article Snippet: A standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used (Micro-Dri-Ref, 450 μm diameter from World Precision Instruments).

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: On the Use of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for pH and Biosensing Applications

doi: 10.3390/s26030857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chip that integrates pseudo-Ag/AgCl REs, microfluidics, and sensing nanodevices: ( a ) optical image of the mounted microfluidics setup; ( b ) cartoon showing the cross-section of the Si Nanoribbon (NR)-ISFET coupled with the microfluidic module (not to scale). From bottom to top: (i) Si Nanoribbon (NR) chip; (ii) double-coated tape (the height of the channels is defined by the thickness of the tape, at 190 μm); (iii) PMMA cap as sealing polymer with the Ag/AgCl inlet and outlet tubes to avoid fluid leakages from the inlets/outlets . Reprinted with the permission of the authors.

Article Snippet: A standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used (Micro-Dri-Ref, 450 μm diameter from World Precision Instruments).

Techniques: Polymer

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: On the Use of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for pH and Biosensing Applications

doi: 10.3390/s26030857

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Schematic diagram of a multi-SiNW bioFETs with an integrated PDMS fluidic channel, Ag/AgCl wire as a solution gate, and Si substrate as a back-gate. ( b ) Image of an assembled multi-SiNW FET sensing platform. Reprinted with permission from Reference . Copyright © 2011 Royal Society of Chemistry.

Article Snippet: A standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used (Micro-Dri-Ref, 450 μm diameter from World Precision Instruments).

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: On the Use of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for pH and Biosensing Applications

doi: 10.3390/s26030857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Planar pseudo-reference electrode integrated on the Si NW-based ISFET chip: ( a ) after the Ag/AgCl layer deposition; ( b ) after the 2 µm thick SU-8 layer passivation on the chip, except for the active sensing region and the contact pads, to prevent leakage current between the contacts and the solution. The BOx thickness is 200 nm. The Si NW has a thickness of 40 nm thick, width of 50 nm, and length of 10 µm. The gate oxide is 5 nm thick. The width, length, and height of the well holding the solution over the devices are 1200 µm, 1200 µm, and 2 µm, respectively. The width and length of the pseudo-Ag/AgCl reference electrode are 1000 µm and 1000 µm, respectively (thickness not described). Reprinted with permission from Reference . Copyright © 2011 Royal Society of Chemistry.

Article Snippet: A standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used (Micro-Dri-Ref, 450 μm diameter from World Precision Instruments).

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: On the Use of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for pH and Biosensing Applications

doi: 10.3390/s26030857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Electrochemical sensor structure and characterization of a Ag/AgCl/Nafion reference electrode (RE). ( a ) Photo of a miniaturized, two-electrode setup, including a working electrode (WE) and an RE. ( b ) Schematic illustration of the cross-sectional view of the structural interface of the newly fabricated, all-solid-state Ag/AgCl/Nafion. ( c , d ) Cross-sectional SEM images that capture the layered structure of Ag/AgCl electrodes formed up to 10 cyclic voltammetry cycles ( c ) and the porous structure of primary AgCl nanoparticles ( d ). Reprinted with permission from Reference . Copyright © 2020 Elsevier.

Article Snippet: A standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used (Micro-Dri-Ref, 450 μm diameter from World Precision Instruments).

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: On the Use of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for pH and Biosensing Applications

doi: 10.3390/s26030857

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Schematic representation illustrating a planar Ag/AgCl pseudo-reference electrode obtained by 3D printing. Reprinted from Reference , available under CC BY-NC-ND license. ( b ) Photo of the first fabricated full-ink-jet-printed solid-state reference electrode on a 125 µm thick polymeric (polyethylene terephthalate–PET) film substrate. Reprinted with permission from Reference , Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society. ( c ) Photo of a wearable flexible integrated sensing array (FISA) on a subject’s wrist, integrating the multiplexed sweat electrochemical sensor array and the wireless flexible printed circuit board (FPCB). Reproduced from with permission from the SNCSC.

Article Snippet: A standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used (Micro-Dri-Ref, 450 μm diameter from World Precision Instruments).

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: On the Use of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for pH and Biosensing Applications

doi: 10.3390/s26030857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Normalized sensitivity value (ΔI/I0) according to the variation in pH concentration resulting from measurements of the real-time average value of Ids measured with two similar sensors and with three different reference electrodes: SCE-saturated calomel reference electrode, Ag/AgCl electrode (tube type), and integrated Ag/AgCl (ink) electrode. Reprinted from Ref. . Available under CC BY 4.0 license.

Article Snippet: A standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used (Micro-Dri-Ref, 450 μm diameter from World Precision Instruments).

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: On the Use of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for pH and Biosensing Applications

doi: 10.3390/s26030857

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Schematic of protein sensing with a Si-nanograting FET (NGFET) and dual Ag/AgCl electrodes. The oxide–electrolyte surface of the nanograting is functionalized with antibody. The FET is biased in subthreshold region by a solution gate at the top of the fluidic channel. The other electrode monitors the bulk solution potential. ( b ) Optical image and ( c ) electron micrograph of a typical Si NGFET with 100 nanowires in the grating. Each nanowire is 50 nm in width, 30 nm in height, and 20 µm in length. ( d ) Three-dimensionally printed clamp for protein sensing with dual Ag/AgCl electrodes. ( e ) Species at the gate oxide surface after modification with TESU, antibody (mouse IgG), and passivation (with BSA). The corresponding antigen used in this study is anti-mouse IgG with gold. Reprinted with permission from Reference . Copyright © 2014 IEEE.

Article Snippet: A standard commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used (Micro-Dri-Ref, 450 μm diameter from World Precision Instruments).

Techniques: Modification